Last December, near the Russia-Ukraine border, a group of about 100 Ukrainian soldiers from the drone-specialist Khartiia Brigade launched a massive all-drone attack on an entrenched Russian position. No Ukrainians did anything except operate and monitor the drones and communications systems. But ground-based drones, kamikaze drones, and even a drone with a rifle on it assaulted the Russians from multiple directions, causing chaos and leading the enemy fighters to abandon their position.
The Ukrainians were expecting to lose as many as half of their drones before they reached their targets, but the operation proved to be successful beyond their hopes. This is only one of a number of stories coming out of Ukraine that shows how drone technology is changing the face of warfare as I write.
The Russians have drones too, but they have relied primarily on their large advantage in the number of conventional forces and weapons they can bring to bear on Ukraine. Both sides have advanced drone technology for military uses tremendously beyond what it was just a few years ago, but as reporter Tim Mak points out in a recent article in The Dispatch, Ukraine has three reasons why they are currently the world's leader in this field.
First, desperation leads to innovation. The Ukrainians are fighting for their own territory, towns, and loved ones. Second, three years of war has provided them with a real-world testing ground that no amount of laboratory drills could give, and allowed them to respond to problems in real time and try new ideas to see which ones work in the battlefield. And third, the decentralized nature of the Ukrainian military has kept bureaucratic delays and interference to a minimum, allowing different groups to try different approaches and share their successes.
The best drone in the world is not much good if you can't control it, and so many innovations have come in the field of communications technology and electronic warfare (EW). EW is the suite of techniques that are used to disrupt an enemy's electronic communications and radar. Mak turns up the surprising fact that the first country ever to use electronic warfare was Russia during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), when Russian ships attempted to interfere with Japanese radio messages to the Japanese Navy. Russia developed "jamming" (the broadcast of interfering signals) to a fine art, and I recall as a short-wave listener in the 1960s hearing the buzz-saw sounds of USSR jamming stations scattered across the airwaves to prevent Voice of America and BBC broadcasts from reaching the USSR.
But Ukrainian innovators such as "Mathematician" (a member of the Khartiia Brigade who goes by that pseudonym) have come up with clever and almost unbelievable ways of flouting Russian EW measures. For example, one type of drone carries with it a 20-km-long reel of fiber-optic cable connected to its operator's control box. As it flies, it simply unreels the cable over the landscape, and as long as the link remains unbroken, the operator has a completely secure and un-jammable way to communicate with the drone.
Mak points out the ethical implications of a situation in which one operator might be in charge of several drones. It is now entirely possible to program a drone to recognize the optical earmarks of, say, a Russian tank. But Mak poses this question: What if a Russian soldier in the tank decides to get out and surrender? And what if the autonomous drone single-mindedly ignores him and blows up the tank anyway, killing the soldier? Who is responsible for this incident, which could be considered as a war crime?
Mak posed the question to a colleague of Mathematician, who said, "I think the end user will be to blame . . . . if you teach him badly, he will do badly." Clearly, international agreements about what constitutes war crimes are lagging behind the technology currently in place, and such questions will arise more and more frequently in automated battlefields.
Reading Mak's report reminded me of how the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 provided a testing ground for many war techniques that later found application in World War II. Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy provided air support for Franco's Nationalists, and when their bombers mounted an attack on the Spanish town of Guernica on Apr. 26, 1937, over 1,600 civilian casualties resulted. This is considered by historians to be the first time that the Luftwaffe fielded its doctrine of "terror bombing" to demoralize civilian populations.
Of course, both sides in World War II adopted this doctrine, although its first use was shocking enough to inspire Picasso's famous painting Guernica, which is an attempt to portray the horrors of modern war as it was taking shape in the 1930s. I am unaware of any great art out there which includes images of drones, but it might happen yet.
More importantly, anyone preparing for a ground war now has to take into account the drone factor, and right now the world experts in that military technology are in the hundred or so companies that have sprung up in Ukraine to supply the much-needed hardware and software that is keeping the Russians at bay. It is a sad but obvious fact that wars tend to advance technology, and not just military technology, at a greater speed than occurs in peacetime. Mak hopes that once the Ukraine war winds down, these technological drone advances will be turned to peaceful purposes: evacuation of wounded people from natural disasters, the shipment of essential supplies, and the demining of mine fields, for example.
And some of that may happen. But first, the Ukrainian war has to end, and while President Trump and others have been trying to broker a deal to bring peace, nothing substantive has resulted yet. When the war is over, perhaps we can enjoy the fruits of Ukrainian drone innovations, and they can take the lead in a business that is currently dominated by China. They certainly deserve to profit from their innovations, which have been made at a huge cost in lives as well as money.
Sources: Tim Mak's article "War Machines or Instruments of Peace?" appeared on Mar. 27, 2025 at https://thedispatch.com/article/ukraine-drone-warfare-automation-lethality-ethics/. I also referred to the Wikipedia articles on the Russo-Japanese War and the Spanish Civil War.