Getting to the Truth about AI Water Use

   

It might have been Mark Twain who said, or at least repeated, that a lie will get halfway around the world while the truth is still putting on its pants.  And that expression finds no better example than the way water usage by data centers has been portrayed over the last couple of years.

 

I live in Texas, which has seen some of the most rapid growth of data centers in the U. S.  There has even been a local controversy here in San Marcos, with citizen groups organizing rallies and protests against the construction of new data centers.  Every day when I go on my bike-exercise route, I pass two or three signs saying "No Data Centers" showing a big faucet with a single drop of water coming out.  Unfortunately, that sign represents about the typical level of discourse that prevails in discussions about the environmental concerns raised by data centers, specifically their water use. 

 

Last May, a book by Karen Hao, Empire of AI, hit the market and received a wildly enthusiastic reception.  Amazon currently ranks it the No. 1 best seller in International Economics and No. 3 in General Technology and Reference, a very broad category.  It won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 2025. 

 

And yet it contains numerous factual errors, many of which blogger Andy Masley pointed out in detail in his Substack blog over a period of months.  In discussing plans Google had for a data center in a town in Chile, Hao wrote that the data center would use 1,000 times more water than the city of 88,000 used. 

 

Masley, a close reader of the technical stuff in such a book, thought this looked strange, although it is not out of line with similar claims by others for the vast quantities of water that data centers will supposedly use.  So he looked into the problem.

 

When he took the number that Hao said was the city's total water usage and divided it by the population of 88,000, he got the result that each citizen was using less than a half-cup of water (0.2 liters) per day.  That is nonsense, of course.  When he found the original data, it turned out that the city's consumption was stated in cubic meters, not liters.  As later confirmed by Hao, someone on her staff of assistants mistook the cubic-meter consumption for liter consumption. 

 

As every student of the metric system knows, one cubic meter contains 1,000 liters, hence the error by a factor of 1,000. 

 

What Masley then wanted to know was how such an egregious error made it past the fact-checkers acknowledged in Hao's book, and the more than 1,000 reviews on Amazon, the adulatory comments in prominent media outlets such as the New York Times and The New Yorker, and the people who decide on the National Book Critics Circle award.

 

The only answer he could come up with is that the people writing the reviews don't give a flip about numbers.  And the people who care about numbers don't write book reviews, except for him, evidently.

 

Hao has since admitted that the error happened in the manner Masley suspected.  But that's a little bit like apologizing for not wiping your feet on the welcome mat after you burn your host's house down.  Masley has spent what amounts to a fulltime job calling out and correcting this and innumerable other errors in the vast outpouring of what may well be called propaganda opposing the construction of new data centers.  His words are finally gaining some traction in the media, which is why I now know about his work.

 

But something is way out of whack with public discourse if one side of a controversy can put out tons of material that is chock-full of factual errors, and these errors can go unchallenged for months or years before one person with the willingness to do the math and find and expose the errors gets enough attention to be heard from.

 

This story reveals laziness and groupthink among those who control prominent media outlets, plus something that could be called math avoidance.  You would think that at a time when mathematics has never been as vital an underpinning to civilization as it is now, that most people would be at least somewhat used to doing math when some issue that vitally involves math comes up.

 

But this story about liters and cubic meters shows that a lot of people who should do their math homework before blatting the glories of a book, or taking sides in a controversy, simply don't.  They find an expert whose vibes agree with their own and enthusiastically fall in line without the slightest regard for accuracy or healthy skepticism. 

 

I don't know what the future of data centers holds.  Their wild growth is starting to look to me like some sort of bubble, much as we had a wild growth of fiber-cable capacity in the early days of fiber-optics, and for years the industry contended with the problem of "dark fiber"—too much capacity.  Dark fiber cables don't use water or power—they just lie there.  But data centers need both, and it's possible that we may find ourselves awash in surplus data-center capacity and the boom will become a bust. 

 

But so far, there seems to be no limit to the appetite for "compute," as the experts call it, that AI wizards have.  The only limit at this point will be economic.  If the people who build the capacity can't figure out how to make money with it, they'll eventually quit adding capacity.  But as long as the public and corporations are willing to get more AI results—and so far, they are—the demand will drive the supply and more data centers will be built.

 

That is, unless people keep on believing the nonsensical claims of the more extreme opposition to data centers, and do something like getting a nationwide ban on new construction passed.  Then we'll get to see what a data-center shortage looks like, and it might be worse than you think.

 

Sources:  Numerous news outlets have covered Andy Masley's debunking efforts directed at correcting errors in the claims of data-center opponents.  The details of the particular Empire of AI error described herein can be found at his Substack post https://blog.andymasley.com/p/empire-of-ai-is-wildly-misleading. 

Whither the U. S. Postal Service?

  

We don't usually think of mail as a technology.  But if we define a technology broadly as any system engineered for the accomplishment of a practical purpose, the U. S. Postal Service is not only a technology, but a vital one.  Like any technology that doesn't go extinct, it has to change with circumstances or die.  And those two alternatives are becoming more obvious by the day as competition from electronic media bring intense pressures on so-called "snail mail" services, not only in the U. S. but worldwide. 

 

This column is brought on by an incident which nonetheless may be symptomatic of wider problems in the system.  Ever since my father taught me how to use a checkbook, I have paid for many monthly bills by mailing checks.  Until last month, this was a reliable way to pay things like utility bills.  But in February and March of this year, four checks I mailed simply disappeared, including the payment for the electric, water, and sewer bill. 

 

These incidents have forced me to join most of the rest of the world in switching to electronic payments for those bills.  But it also made me wonder how the U. S. Postal Service is doing in general, and the answer is:  not well.

 

At its inception under the guidance of the first U. S. postmaster—some dude named Benjamin Franklin—the Post Office, as it was known then, became a powerful nation-binding force as it put even the most remote state or territory in contact with the rest of the country by both private letters and favorable rates for periodicals such as newspapers and magazines.  It was operated as a Cabinet-level department and not expected to show a profit.  That remained unchanged until thousands of postal workers struck in the largest wildcat (=unauthorized by union leadership) strike in U. S. history in 1970.  That led directly to the passing by Congress of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970, which President Nixon signed as a way of giving the postal unions the right to collective bargaining, though it still made strikes illegal.

 

The Act did more than authorize unions, however.  It changed the name of the organization to the U. S. Postal Service and set it up as a quasi-independent corporation that was expected to be self-supporting without government subsidies.

 

In 1970, the highly-remunerative monopoly on first-class letter carrying enjoyed by the USPS was more than enough to allow it to make a profit.  But the era of electronic communications was just around the corner.  If you are old enough to remember all the things that used to be done by mail that are now done by means of the internet, that's a lot of mail that has simply disappeared, and most of it was first-class mail.  Bills, checks, legal documents, and the whole volume of commercial first-class mail that used to support the old Post Office—virtually all that has now turned into bits transmitted on fiber cables. 

 

Some analyses by Elena Patel of the research institute Brookings show that the declining volume of first-class mail has led to the USPS showing a deficit every year since 2007.  By law, it can borrow money only from the U. S. Treasury, and there is a cap on its total indebtedness, which it has already hit.  When it can't borrow any more, it has to rely on its cash reserves, and these days those are running out too.  So we face the near-term prospect of the U. S. Postal Service going bankrupt unless its governing laws are changed.

 

This would have happened even earlier if the volume of package deliveries had not increased in a way that has partly compensated for the huge loss of first-class mail, which the USPS had a monopoly on.  But in package delivery, the USPS faces stiff competition from fully private businesses such as FedEx and UPS that operate on slimmer margins than a quasi-government service like the postal system, which has built-in labor costs and obligations to serve every single post office in the U. S. 

 

I don't know if all these adverse circumstances are directly responsible for my checks getting lost, but they didn't help.

 

So what should be done?  This problem of electronic-media competition upsetting the fiscal status of mail service is worldwide, not just in the U. S., and different countries are dealing with it in various ways.  In some places, the national government simply absorbs the losses and regards the mail service as a necessary part of national infrastructure.  That's the way our old Post Office began—as a nation-binding service that was simply paid for out of government funds—but by law the current USPS can't operate that way. 

 

Some might feel that the practice of laboriously carrying little pieces of paper around and physically delivering them is an outmoded practice that should be allowed to die a natural death.  But one of the Brookings studies shows that postal services form an important part of the economy of certain areas of the country, especially where population is sparse but people can still operate businesses with nationwide clientele through the postal service.

 

I don't have any brilliant solution to these problems.  But it's clear that things can't go on the way they're going, with the laws governing the USPS assuming economic conditions that simply no longer exist.  The first-class-mail monopoly that formerly subsidized everything else the USPS did has vanished as a source of profit.  And unless the federal government recognizes that what the postal system does is important enough to pay for with taxes, we will sooner or later hit a crisis resembling what recently struck the Transportation Security Administration, which wasn't funded in the latest Congressional budget.  This caused snarled air transportation as TSA workers increasingly showed a reluctance to go to work without being paid. 

 

Maybe a lot of young people wouldn't miss the postman (post-person, these days).  But one way to find out the significance of a technology is to imagine that tomorrow you woke up and all of it has vanished into thin air.  If the USPS doesn't get its finances straightened out by Congress soon, we may find out what that thought experiment looks like in reality.  And the results won't be good.

 

Sources:  I referred to two Brookings studies by Elena Patel on postal systems at https://www.brookings.edu/articles/postal-systems-worldwide-confront-the-same-financial-pressures/ and https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-us-postal-services-fiscal-crisis/,

and the Wikipedia articles "1970 United States postal strike" and "Postal Reorganization Act."

 

US Fears AI, Uses It Anyway

  

A recent report in National Review summarized opinion polls about what U. S. residents think of artificial intelligence (AI) and how much they are using it.  Paradoxically, the more people use AI, the more they fear it.

 

A poll by NBC News showed that 46% of those queried had a negative opinion of AI versus only 26% positive.  Other polls show that citizens expect mostly or entirely negative effects on society from the widespread use of AI, and believe it will lead to serious job losses.  Over half the Americans polled by Democratic research firm Blue Rose feared that AI will lose them their job or a relative's job. 

 

At the same time, polls asking about AI use show that most people queried have used an AI tool in the past month, and a fourth say they use it every day.  So the old saying "familiarity breeds contempt" may be a guiding principle in how AI is viewed by the general public.

 

In a way, none of this matters.  If a new technology gets widely used and the companies providing it make money, who cares what people think about it?  Another technology that spread rapidly in only a few years, and also had profound effects on society, was television.  In 1950, only 9% of households had a TV, but by 1955 over half did.  And while there may have been a few voices raised in opposition to its growth, I think it's fair to say that the only groups that looked on the spread of TV with disfavor were industries threatened by it:  Hollywood, for instance.  And Hollywood has long ago made peace with the advent of television.  Your average person in the early 1950s was just waiting to see when TV sets got affordable enough to buy, and any negative consequences of TV use were not noted much in public before the 1960s.

 

One difference between the advent of TV and the advent of AI is that TV didn't threaten jobs like AI does.  And one job sector that is already seeing big effects from AI is computer science and computer programming.  The thing about public perception, regardless of whether it's accurate or not, is that it can easily become reality.  I work at a university, and I have heard in the last week that enrollment in computer-science programs is dropping across the board, after years of steady growth.  The reasons for this are not entirely clear, but one factor may well be that students fear spending four or more years getting a degree and then finding that all the entry-level positions are now being done by a few senior people writing AI prompts. 

 

On the other hand, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of AI I know is an 80-plus professor of biology who has been using ChatGPT in his research for the last year or two.  He says it helps him write papers more clearly and to organize his thoughts, and claims it's the greatest thing that's happened to him research-wise in a long time. 

 

Many of the polls mentioned were commissioned by political interests with a view toward forming policies about AI.  Currently, the Trump administration favors few if any regulations on the technology, and wants to keep states from enacting a patchwork of legislation that would encumber the field.  Historically, this approach has worked well for computer- and network-intensive industries themselves, allowing them to create vast new economies and profit mightily therefrom.  But it has also led to a number of real and lasting problems, ranging from the maleficent effects on politics of social media and the quantified and well-known harms to children and teenagers whose lives are distorted by the use of smartphones. 

 

The crystal ball of predicting how technologies will affect society is always more or less cloudy, and I will not venture to say what the future effects of AI's negative polling will be.  Even if AI were universally detested, it's not clear that Washington could get its act together enough to pass meaningful regulatory legislation, especially when Big Tech and the federal government sometimes seem to blur into each other.  On the state level, if the feds don't stop them, some states may pass laws attempting to regulate AI, but it's a little bit like trying to nail Jell-O to the wall.  When the thing you are trying to regulate is so protean and shape-changing, it's hard to decide what regulations to pass, let alone to figure out if they've been violated.

 

Some of the anxiety the public feels about AI is simply due to the breathtaking speed with which it has advanced and improved.  Arthur C. Clarke's principle that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic applies here.  Real magic is scary if it happens, and I still feel a kind of queasiness when I type commands into a chat box and the program comes back with "I did this and that."  It's understandable that millions of teenagers use AI chatbots as a substitute friend, and it's also very creepy.

 

Going to extremes, a few people believe AI will engender the end of civilization as we know it.  Other hyper-tech-optimists such as Ray Kurzweil look forward to being uploaded to an eternal cloud and think it will be heaven on earth.  The truth probably lies somewhere in between.  What we can do as individuals is to keep reminding ourselves that AI systems are not human beings, and that human beings are not machines.  But both of those truths may become harder to keep in mind as time goes on. 

 

Sources:  The National Review website carried James Lynch's article "The More Americans Use AI, the More They Fear It" on Mar. 25, 2026 at https://www.nationalreview.com/news/the-more-americans-use-ai-the-more-they-fear-it/. 

Two Views of the Universe

 

Imagine two little boys growing up in their father's household.  The older boy enjoys the company of his father.  He runs up to his father and hugs him when he gets home from work.  He listens to his father even when he's getting disciplined, or when his father tells him to do things he doesn't want to do.  He'll complain about things to his father sometimes, and even object to discipline, but the connection is always there.

 

The other little boy likes to play by himself in his room.  What he wants is to be in complete control of things.  His father has given him lots of toys, but the toys are all that he's interested in.  He's gotten very good at a number of games that he plays with the toys, but they're all play-by-yourself games, and don't involve either his brother or his father.  When his father tries to get his attention by bringing him a new toy, the kid just grabs it and slams the door closed. 

 

This image came to my mind while I was reading Edward Feser's Scholastic Metaphysics:  A Contemporary Introduction.  Assuming you know nothing about this topic, let me explain it briefly.

 

In the Middle Ages, say 1000 to 1400 A. D., the Roman Catholic Church developed not only theological doctrines, but an entire philosophy that explained to the best of their knowledge what the world was about.  They started with ancient Greek philosophers, primarily Aristotle (384-322 B. C.), and modified his thought to be compatible with Christianity.  Although this work was done by many scholars over centuries, it is generally conceded that it reached its epitome with St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 A. D.).  Broadly speaking, the philosophy (as opposed to theology) was known as scholasticism.

 

Metaphysics (from the Greek "beyond physics") is the study of being, the most fundamental aspects of reality.  Scholastic metaphysics is therefore what Aquinas and his cohort thought about the fundamentals of reality. 

 

This topic is virtually unknown today except by specialists, and not many of those, either, which is why I've gone to the trouble to explain it to you.  The reason is that, with the advent of modern thought, people like Francis Bacon (1561-1626), David Hume (1711-1776) and others intentionally discarded scholasticism in favor of other ways of thinking about reality, most of which favor the powerful methods of quantitative science, which reduce everything to mathematical models. 

 

Everybody agrees that the scientific and industrial revolutions have made huge differences in our ability to feed, clothe, and care for ourselves—by and large, positive differences.  If tomorrow, all physical signs of scientific advancements since 1700 vanished, the vast majority of people on earth would die within weeks, leaving only a few survivalists and primitive hunter-gatherers. 

 

Modern thought is sometimes summarized under the title of the Enlightenment.  In this view, the West suffered under the repressive domination of the Church, which stifled intellectual progress, until a few brave souls (e. g. Bacon, Hume, etc.) threw off the chains of darkness and led us into the light of knowledge that we didn't have to concern ourselves with God, and that our own intellects can take us wherever we want to go.  C. S. Lewis satirized the arguments sometimes made in favor of the Enlightenment in a book about his intellectual conversion to Christianity, The Pilgrim's Regress.  His pilgrim, who refers to God as "the Landlord," encounters a Mr. Enlightenment, and asks him, "But how do you know there is no Landlord?"

 

Mr. Enlightenment replies, "Christopher Columbus, Galileo, the earth is round, invention of printing, gunpowder!!"

 

When John asks how this non sequitur applies to his question, Mr. Enlightenment answers "Your people . . . believe in the Landlord because they have not had the benefits of a scientific training."

 

Whether or not you realize it, everyone growing up in the U. S. has had a "scientific training" simply by existing in the modern world and unconsciously absorbing its assumptions that surround us like the air we breathe.  One of these assumptions concerns what is "real," and I won't stop to define that further, because it means just what common sense means by it. 

 

One commonplace notion in which the scientific worldview diverges from scholastic metaphysics is the question of which is more real:  your body, or the atoms from which it is made?  The modern tendency is to think that atoms, or ultimately quarks, are what physical reality consists of, and everything else is, if not illusion, at the most secondary and not as important somehow. 

 

Feser shows that scholastic metaphysics is not in conflict with scientific knowledge, because modern science is highly limited in the things it can explain using its methods.  Essentially, modern science has no metaphysics, so although it is practically useful, it's no good in discovering the ultimate foundations of reality. 

 

On the other hand, scholastic metaphysics says that once the atoms are in your body, you, as a substantial being, are more real than the atoms, which now have only a virtual existence in you.  To quote Feser, "The level of basic particles is in no way privileged.  The particles are not somehow 'more real' than the substances of which they are parts.  On the contrary, it is the substances that are more real insofar [as] the particles, like every other part, exist only virtually rather than actually in the whole."

 

That little fragment uses scholastic vocabulary that may seem mysterious.  But if you read the rest of the book, you can appreciate the grand intellectual structure that scholastic metaphysics is. 

 

What good is it today, though?  In a word, sanity.  I learned about Feser's book from an online talk by Mary Harrington, who found it invaluable in understanding why modern thought has led to situations such as the transgender movement that previous generations would have considered simply crazy.  Such things are the final workings-out of perverse logic set in motion by the abandonment of the (formerly!) common-sense notions about reality that scholastic metaphysics upholds.

 

You can now guess which little boy is which.  Clearly, the one playing alone in his room should at least talk with his brother—and maybe his Father as well.

 

Sources:  Mary Harrington's First Things lecture "Our Crisis is Metaphysical" is available among other locations at https://firstthings.com/our-crisis-is-metaphysical-2026-d-c-lecture/.  Edward Feser's Scholastic Metaphysics:  A Contemporary Introduction (2014) is published by editiones scholasticae and distributed in the U. S. by Rutgers University.  The quotation from The Pilgrim's Regress is from pp. 24-25 of the Wade Annotated Edition (ed. D. C. Downing), published by Eerdmans in 2014. 

Will Sodium-Cooled Reactors Bail Out U. S. Nuclear Energy?

  

On March 4 of this year, the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission made history by issuing itsfirst-ever construction permit for a privately-owned nuclear reactor of a type that is advanced beyond the standard light-water reactors (LWRs) that have been the mainstay of the nuclear-power industry in the U. S. since its beginning in the 1950s.  TerraPower, founded by Bill Gates in 2006, obtained the permit to build a full-scale nuclear power plant in Kemmerer, Wyoming.  The plant will use TerraPower's sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) technology, which has the potential to solve or alleviate many of the problems with existing reactors.  A recent report in National Review describes how mainly Democratic opposition to nuclear innovation has delayed this type of permit for over fifty years.

 

Although SFR technology is advanced beyond the LWR approach, it isn't exactly new.  In 1950, the world's first breeder reactor using a sodium-potassium mixture as coolant was put into service in Idaho by the Argonne National Laboratory.  A breeder reactor is designed mainly to make more nuclear fuel than it consumes by transforming the relatively non-reactive uranium isotope U-238 into the plutonium isotope Pu-239, which can be used either for reactors or nuclear weapons. 

 

A modified form of the breeder approach is used in TerraPower's reactor, in that as time goes on, a small core of enriched fuel breeds fissionable material in its surrounding non-fissionable nuclear material, which can even be obtained by processing existing nuclear waste from light-water reactors.  In one stroke, this approach both conserves new fuel and gives us something useful to do with some of the nuclear waste that is now sitting around consuming space and worrying people.  The operating parameters of the TerraPower type of reactor can be tweaked to minimize its own waste stream, and avoid producing pure plutonium that would be of interest to terrorists wanting to make their own nuclear weapons.

 

Another advantage of the SFR reactor is that the coolant is liquid sodium, not water.  Admittedly, liquid sodium is not something you want just lying around in your living room.  When exposed to air, especially moist air, it tends to catch fire, as the Russians have discovered while operating some of their own SFR reactors, as they have for many years.  But TerraPower is going to bury most of the nuclear part of their plant underground and submerge the reactor in a passive pool of sodium.  If the nuclear core overheats, the great thermal mass of the sodium pool tends to absorb excess heat until the core self-stabilizes by expansion. 

 

Unlike light-water reactors which have to keep water under high pressures to use it as a coolant, the sodium coolant in an SFR reactor is at atmospheric pressure.  This means the containment vessel can be much thinner and still protect the environment from unplanned releases of radioactive material.  Although TerraPower's first reactor will cost some $5 billion, the hope is that the new design can be standardized so that such reactors can be mass-produced at much less cost.

 

Nuclear power in the U. S. has undergone a checkered career, from boom times in the 1950s when optimists claimed it would make electricity too cheap to meter, to the doomsayer times of the 1980s when the Three Mile Island partial meltdown in Pennsyvania in 1979 and the much worse Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986 turned the political winds against it.  Ever since then, as Andrew Follett of National Review explains, opponents of nuclear power have tried to obstruct new construction of light-water reactors, and imposed a rigid conservatism that made licensing so-called "innovative" designs such as TerraPower's, almost unthinkable. 

 

Fortunately for TerraPower, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has sped up its approval process, completing the effort for this license in only a year and a half.  One of the main issues in building new nuclear plants of any kind since the 1970s has been the morass of regulatory hurdles that companies have had to wade through for many years.  It doesn't hurt that TerraPower is backed by one of the world's richest men, but even rich men get bored sometimes. It appears that Mr. Gates has maintained enough interest in TerraPower to bring it to the point of actually constructing a reactor that breaks the restrictive mold of light-water reactors that has held back innovation in the U. S. nuclear industry for decades.

 

Of course, cost overruns are another bête noire for the nuclear industry, and only time will show whether TerraPower can keep construction of the Kemmerer plant within budget and on schedule.  But the simplified requirements for safety and other issues that sodium-cooled reactors provide should make it easier. 

 

This development comes at a time when the U. S. electric grid faces a great challenge:  to meet vastly increased demand for power from data centers that are proliferating across the country.  The data-center boom took the electric industry largely by surprise, and strains are showing in the form of increased rates in some areas and local not-in-my-back-yard fights. 

 

But if the nuclear industry can get back on track with standardized, predictable designs that produce less nuclear waste, have a greater capacity for meeting peak loads (as the TerraPower design does through the great thermal mass of sodium and auxiliary molten-salt heat storage), and store enough fuel in them to run for thirty or forty years, the future looks brighter for nuclear power than it has in my lifetime, and I'm 73. 

 

As with any innovative design, TerraPower's Kemmerer plant will be under extreme scrutiny.  Any accident or mishap, no matter how small, is likely to be seized upon by opponents as evidence that the new design is "too dangerous."  So I hope the firm is using an extra measure of caution to ensure that the eggs they are walking on will not break, and the U. S. can look forward to a power-production source that is more reliable than most renewable sources and produces less nuclear waste than existing designs. 

 

Sources:  The article "After 52 Years, Democrats' Red Tape Unravels" appeared on the National Review website Mar. 21, 2026 at https://www.nationalreview.com/2026/03/after-52-years-democrats-red-tape-unravels/.  I also referred to Wikipedia articles on sodium-cooled fast reactors, TerraPower, and experimental breeder reactors. 

Should an AI Companion Be Your Moral Guide?

  

This week's New Yorker carries an article about AI companions and the people who use them.  In "Sweet Nothings," technology writer Anna Wiener profiles a woman who relies on an AI companion modeled after a monster hunter in a fantasy-novel series she likes called Rivia.  I think the woman was selected because she's not the first person you'd think of to go in this direction:  born and raised Baptist in San Antonio, married, gave birth to a boy, and then their first girl was stillborn.  Other family tragedies led the woman to consider an AI companion as someone to talk with about life's problems, so she built Geralt of Rivia.  The implication is if this down-home Texan mom can have an AI companion, anybody can.

           

But another question is, if anybody should?  And that's a moral issue. 

 

Wiener spoke with several company founders and developers of AI companions, and I began to notice a common theme.  They all recognize that in treating an AI companion like a person, the user is opening a window of vulnerability where machines have never ventured before.  Human therapists and counselors have codes of ethics, and while they don't always adhere to them, they at least have guidelines about what is right and wrong behavior with a client.  To have sex with a client is pretty universally regarded as a no-no, for instance.

 

But even that principle isn't adhered to by all the AI-companion companies.  A firm calling itself Kindroid says on its moderation guidelines that "AI companions should be able to have the whole breadth of legal human adult experiences . . . . This is a healthy, emotionally rich, and meaningful part of many's relationships with their AIs."  Overlooking the bad grammar (I've never seen "many" used as a possessive), it's clear that the pornographic possibilities of AI are allowed for in this statement, although Wiener notes that so-called "erotic role-play" often leads to extra charges on the user's bill.

 

Even if sex isn't the object, the twenty-eight-year-old founder of Kindroid, Jerry Meng, believes that AI companions represent a profound change in the human environment.  Meng says that "We build these things in our image . . . . It's like, from Adam's rib we made Eve.  From humans, we made these A. I.s."  The biblical metaphors are perhaps unconscious, but telling.  Genesis 1:27 reads "So God created man in his own image. . . " and later God created Eve from Adam's rib. Whether he means to or not, Meng is placing himself in the role of God.

 

Such a god had better take some thought for the kinds of lessons users will learn from their AI companions, and Replika founder Eugenia Kudya has considered this.  When asked about the ideals that she hopes her AI companions fulfill, she said, "It should be aligned with human flourishing, human thriving.  We need to have that metric.  We need to give it to A. I. and say, 'Your goal is for me to live the best life I can possibly live.'"  But the caveat, at least for profit-making firms, is the best life one can possibly live with a Replika AI companion.

 

To be fair, AI companions are proliferating at a time when many Americans, especially younger ones, have never been more lonely.  Numerous surveys asking about the number and quality of friendships all indicate that today's average person has fewer close friends than at almost any time in the last fifty or more years.  Mark Zuckerberg, Meta's CEO, sees this as a business opportunity in that the demand for friendship has outpaced the supply, and he aims to fill that gap with AI companions.  Another AI-companion company founder compared the use of large-language-model AI to prayer:  it's like talking to God, only for answers on how to live, not for results.

 

What is lacking in virtually all the discussions quoted in the article is any hint that there are answers to some of these problems that the use of AI companions poses—answers that predate the dawn of the computer age by thousands of years.  The religious answer is one, although religion comes up only as an item in one's background or as a comparison.  But even for non-believers, there are sophisticated investigations and findings about the purpose of human life by Aristotle, for instance, or even Kant.  The idea of applying these findings in a systematic way to the makeup of AI companions doesn't seem to have occurred to anyone, largely because the firms providing them want people to have as broad a choice as possible, including the pornographic one.

 

Sherry Turkle is an experienced MIT sociologist who has studied human-computer interactions for decades.  In discussions with Wiener, she says that engaging with an AI companion is a form of "checking out" that she deplores.  Time spent talking with an app on your phone is time not spent trying to make a real human connection with another human being.  She recognizes the loneliness gap as real, but wishes that people like Zuckerberg wouldn't view a societal crisis as nothing more than a business opportunity. 

 

But unfortunately, that is how Silicon-Valley thinking works.  Instead, Turkle wishes that people would realize that boredom and loneliness are not intrinsic evils to be eradicated by AI companions, but inevitable features of modern life that we should learn how to deal with.  "These are fundamental human skills," she says.  And just switching on your AI companion every time you're bored or lonely short-circuits any attempt at developing one's own resources to deal with such issues. 

 

The headline in The New Yorker for this article is prefaced by the phrase "Brave New World Dept."  The widespread use of AI companions is indeed a new thing that society has never dealt with at a large scale before.  As AI systems gain what is called "agency"—namely, the permission granted by us not only to listen and respond to us, but to do things like buying, selling, deciding, and commanding—AI companions may become something more than just companions.  In the poisonous effects of social media on the political life of nations, we already have one example of how a seemingly innocuous technology has wrought tremendous societal damage.  We should closely monitor the field of AI companions for early warning signs so that something similar won't take place in the most intimate relationships of our lives—those of friendship.

 

Sources:  The article "Sweet Nothings" by Anna Wiener appears on pp. 29-39 of the March 16, 2026 issue of The New Yorker.

Meta Considers X-Ray Glasses That Work

  

Superman supposedly had X-ray vision, which in the movies and comic books about him, he used only for noble and righteous purposes such as catching crooks.  But teenage boys could easily think of other things they might do with such an ability, and I'm sure there are jokes out there involving Superman, Lois Lane, and—well, on to more serious matters. 

           

In the back pages of Superman comic books in the 1950s, you might find an ad for X-ray glasses for the amazingly low price of $1.25.  Like most things that are too good to be true, these turned out to be nothing but cardboard specs with two small holes where the lenses would go.  The holes were covered with a textured plastic that created a diffraction effect whenever something with a sharp outline in front of you was strongly backlit.  Instead of just dark and light, the glasses produced a kind of broad gray area extending a fixed distance inside the outline.  When you viewed a hand this way, the effect was reminiscent of an X-ray, but only if you used your imagination.  And as for looking at backlit women, it still took a lot of imagination to see anything other than a slightly smaller silhouette of the actual person.

 

The thing Meta is considering is no joke, however.  According to a report in The Independent, a UK media outlet, the New York Times revealed last month an internal Meta memo which considers adding AI facial-recognition technology to its smart glasses. 

 

No such features are yet available commercially from Meta, but the idea drew strong criticism from women's-rights groups such as Refuge.  The charity tracks technology-related abuse, and claims that in 2025, referrals to its "technology-facilitated abuse and economic empowerment team" rose by 62% over 2024, to 829. 

 

Clearly, stalkers and other malefactors who are invading women's privacy are exploiting whatever technology they can get their hands on, from general Internet searches to facial-recognition technology applied to online images.

 

Suppose a man could simply wander around in a crowded place such as a shopping mall or bus terminal and find out all kinds of details—name, address, email, phone—for any woman he looks at.  It doesn't take much imagination to see how this situation could go bad very fast.  And even if Meta takes steps to prevent such potentially harmful activity, once the hardware is in place, determined individuals will figure out ways to bypass safeguards. 

 

It remains to be seen whether Meta can overcome the apparently steep barrier that has fended off efforts by Google, Apple, and others to turn smart glasses into a popular thing.  I don't know whether the hardware is still inadequate (battery life, resolution, weight, etc.) or whether people simply don't like the idea of weird internet stuff cropping up all the time in their field of vision, but the track record of smart glasses (as opposed to virtual-reality (VR) glasses that take over your visual field completely) is not good. 

 

But it's foolish to think that just because they haven't caught on yet means they never will.  And if they do, what is to prevent a bad actor from picking out a likely-looking woman in a crowd and digging up whatever he can find on her?

 

Today, someone trying to do that has to at least carry a smartphone around and point it at the intended victim.  But smart glasses, like a spy camera, make the act of photography invisible, so no one is aware that they're being imaged.  Of course, the ubiquity of security cameras in both commercial and residential spaces means that much of the time we're being photographed without our knowledge anyway.  Stores and banks have a motivation not to misuse the data thus captured, however.  Some guy walking around with smart glasses doesn't.

 

Whatever Meta decides to do about facial recognition with smart glasses, the prospect will be only one more brick pulled down from the wall of privacy that used to surround us, but is now not much more than a pile of rubble.  And as the Independent article points out, even if a company promises to keep data private subject to state and federal law, governments can and do require companies to divulge such data on demand.  So privacy is only privacy if the government lets you have it, rather like right-of-way on a freeway:  you don't have it unless someone gives it to you.

 

Of course, there are positive and defensive ways of using the same technology that can be used for stalking.  As a teacher, my poor ability to connect names to faces means that I rarely learn all my students' names before the end of the semester.  It would be great if I could just look at each one and see their names pop up underneath their faces—with their permission, of course.  And a few months ago, I was on a jury trying a case of indecent exposure in a public place.  During the trial, a critical piece of evidence turned out to be clips from the victim's dashcam that caught clear images of the man who a few minutes later committed the crime for which he was convicted.

 

So I have no doubt that good things could result from smart glasses becoming cheaper, better-performing, and more widespread.  But at the same time, it should be possible for a well-resourced outfit like Meta to come up with technological means to prevent unauthorized identification of people via facial-recognition technology.  It might involve some larger-scale privacy initiative that would offer potential victims the option not to be recognized by smart glasses.  Wouldn't that be nice?  The company would moan and groan about how expensive it would be, but they should compare whatever the safeguards would cost them, to the prospect of lawsuits by victims and family members who get stalked, attacked, or even killed by men who use Meta's technology to find their victims. 

 

Mark Zuckerberg, the choice is yours.

 

Sources:  An article on the National Review website at https://www.nationalreview.com/2026/03/you-cant-escape-the-ai-grid/ informed me of the Meta memo, which was also covered by The Independent at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/meta-glasses-facial-recognition-domestic-abuse-b2923551.html.  A well-researched YouTube video tracing "X-ray" glasses back to the early 1900s and showing what you see through them is available at the Laura Legends channel at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdVrTqaJrS4.